10.浏览器操作

作者

Java+Selenium 浏览器操作详解

目录

  1. 浏览器基础操作
  2. 浏览器窗口管理
  3. 浏览器导航操作
  4. 浏览器信息获取
  5. 浏览器设置和配置
  6. Cookie操作
  7. JavaScript执行
  8. 截图操作
  9. 文件上传下载
  10. 实际应用示例

浏览器基础操作

1.1 启动和关闭浏览器

启动浏览器

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;

public class BrowserBasics {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 启动Chrome浏览器
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path/to/chromedriver.exe");
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

        // 启动Firefox浏览器
        // System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "path/to/geckodriver.exe");
        // WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

        // 启动Edge浏览器
        // System.setProperty("webdriver.edge.driver", "path/to/msedgedriver.exe");
        // WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();
    }
}

关闭浏览器

// 关闭当前窗口
driver.close();

// 关闭所有窗口并退出浏览器进程
driver.quit();

新手提示：

  • close() 只关闭当前窗口，如果只有一个窗口则关闭浏览器
  • quit() 关闭所有窗口并结束WebDriver会话，推荐使用

1.2 打开网页

// 打开指定URL
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com");

// 使用navigate方法打开（功能相同）
driver.navigate().to("https://www.baidu.com");

浏览器窗口管理

2.1 窗口大小操作

设置窗口大小

import org.openqa.selenium.Dimension;

// 设置窗口大小为1920x1080
Dimension size = new Dimension(1920, 1080);
driver.manage().window().setSize(size);

// 获取当前窗口大小
Dimension currentSize = driver.manage().window().getSize();
System.out.println("窗口宽度: " + currentSize.getWidth());
System.out.println("窗口高度: " + currentSize.getHeight());

窗口位置操作

import org.openqa.selenium.Point;

// 设置窗口位置
Point position = new Point(100, 50);
driver.manage().window().setPosition(position);

// 获取当前窗口位置
Point currentPosition = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
System.out.println("窗口X坐标: " + currentPosition.getX());
System.out.println("窗口Y坐标: " + currentPosition.getY());

窗口状态管理

// 最大化窗口
driver.manage().window().maximize();

// 最小化窗口（Selenium 4.0+）
driver.manage().window().minimize();

// 全屏显示
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

2.2 多窗口操作

获取窗口句柄

// 获取当前窗口句柄
String currentWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
System.out.println("当前窗口句柄: " + currentWindow);

// 获取所有窗口句柄
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
System.out.println("总窗口数: " + allWindows.size());

切换窗口

// 打开新窗口的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("新窗口链接")).click();

// 获取所有窗口句柄
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();

// 切换到新窗口
for (String window : allWindows) {
    if (!window.equals(currentWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        break;
    }
}

// 切换回原窗口
driver.switchTo().window(currentWindow);

实用的窗口切换方法

public class WindowHelper {
    /**
     * 切换到最新打开的窗口
     */
    public static void switchToLatestWindow(WebDriver driver) {
        Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
        String latestHandle = handles.toArray(new String[0])[handles.size() - 1];
        driver.switchTo().window(latestHandle);
    }

    /**
     * 根据窗口标题切换窗口
     */
    public static boolean switchToWindowByTitle(WebDriver driver, String title) {
        Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
        for (String handle : handles) {
            driver.switchTo().window(handle);
            if (driver.getTitle().contains(title)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
}

浏览器导航操作

3.1 基本导航

// 前进
driver.navigate().forward();

// 后退
driver.navigate().back();

// 刷新页面
driver.navigate().refresh();

// 跳转到指定URL
driver.navigate().to("https://www.example.com");

3.2 导航历史管理

public class NavigationExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

        // 访问多个页面
        driver.get("https://www.baidu.com");
        Thread.sleep(2000);

        driver.get("https://www.google.com");
        Thread.sleep(2000);

        driver.get("https://www.bing.com");
        Thread.sleep(2000);

        // 后退到Google
        driver.navigate().back();
        System.out.println("当前页面: " + driver.getTitle());

        // 再后退到百度
        driver.navigate().back();
        System.out.println("当前页面: " + driver.getTitle());

        // 前进到Google
        driver.navigate().forward();
        System.out.println("当前页面: " + driver.getTitle());

        driver.quit();
    }
}

浏览器信息获取

4.1 页面信息获取

// 获取页面标题
String title = driver.getTitle();
System.out.println("页面标题: " + title);

// 获取当前URL
String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
System.out.println("当前URL: " + currentUrl);

// 获取页面源码
String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();
System.out.println("页面源码长度: " + pageSource.length());

4.2 浏览器信息获取

import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;

// 获取浏览器信息
Capabilities caps = ((RemoteWebDriver) driver).getCapabilities();
System.out.println("浏览器名称: " + caps.getBrowserName());
System.out.println("浏览器版本: " + caps.getVersion());
System.out.println("平台: " + caps.getPlatform());

浏览器设置和配置

5.1 Chrome浏览器配置

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

public class ChromeConfiguration {
    public static WebDriver createChromeDriver() {
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

        // 无头模式（后台运行，不显示浏览器界面）
        options.addArguments("--headless");

        // 禁用图片加载（提高速度）
        options.addArguments("--blink-settings=imagesEnabled=false");

        // 设置窗口大小
        options.addArguments("--window-size=1920,1080");

        // 禁用GPU加速
        options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");

        // 禁用沙盒模式
        options.addArguments("--no-sandbox");

        // 禁用开发者扩展
        options.addArguments("--disable-extensions");

        // 设置用户代理
        options.addArguments("--user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36");

        // 忽略证书错误
        options.addArguments("--ignore-certificate-errors");

        return new ChromeDriver(options);
    }
}

5.2 Firefox浏览器配置

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxProfile;

public class FirefoxConfiguration {
    public static WebDriver createFirefoxDriver() {
        FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
        FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();

        // 禁用图片加载
        profile.setPreference("permissions.default.image", 2);

        // 禁用CSS
        profile.setPreference("permissions.default.stylesheet", 2);

        // 禁用JavaScript（谨慎使用）
        // profile.setPreference("javascript.enabled", false);

        // 设置下载目录
        profile.setPreference("browser.download.dir", "C:\Downloads");
        profile.setPreference("browser.download.folderList", 2);

        // 无头模式
        options.setHeadless(true);

        options.setProfile(profile);
        return new FirefoxDriver(options);
    }
}

Cookie操作

6.1 基本Cookie操作

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie;

public class CookieOperations {
    public static void demonstrateCookies(WebDriver driver) {
        // 访问网站
        driver.get("https://www.baidu.com");

        // 添加Cookie
        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("testCookie", "testValue");
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);

        // 添加带有更多属性的Cookie
        Cookie detailedCookie = new Cookie.Builder("userPreference", "darkMode")
                .domain(".baidu.com")
                .path("/")
                .isSecure(false)
                .isHttpOnly(false)
                .build();
        driver.manage().addCookie(detailedCookie);

        // 获取所有Cookie
        Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
        System.out.println("总Cookie数量: " + allCookies.size());

        for (Cookie c : allCookies) {
            System.out.println("Cookie名称: " + c.getName() + ", 值: " + c.getValue());
        }

        // 获取特定Cookie
        Cookie specificCookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("testCookie");
        if (specificCookie != null) {
            System.out.println("找到Cookie: " + specificCookie.getValue());
        }

        // 删除特定Cookie
        driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("testCookie");

        // 删除所有Cookie
        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
    }
}

6.2 Cookie持久化

import java.io.*;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class CookiePersistence {
    /**
     * 保存Cookie到文件
     */
    public static void saveCookiesToFile(WebDriver driver, String filePath) {
        try {
            FileWriter file = new FileWriter(filePath);
            BufferedWriter Bwrite = new BufferedWriter(file);

            Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
            for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
                Bwrite.write(cookie.getName() + ";" + cookie.getValue() + ";" + 
                           cookie.getDomain() + ";" + cookie.getPath() + ";" + 
                           cookie.getExpiry() + ";" + cookie.isSecure());
                Bwrite.newLine();
            }
            Bwrite.close();
            file.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 从文件加载Cookie
     */
    public static void loadCookiesFromFile(WebDriver driver, String filePath) {
        try {
            File file = new File(filePath);
            FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(file);
            BufferedReader Buffreader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);
            String strline;

            while ((strline = Buffreader.readLine()) != null) {
                StringTokenizer token = new StringTokenizer(strline, ";");
                while (token.hasMoreTokens()) {
                    String name = token.nextToken();
                    String value = token.nextToken();
                    String domain = token.nextToken();
                    String path = token.nextToken();
                    Date expiry = null;

                    String val;
                    if (!(val = token.nextToken()).equals("null")) {
                        expiry = new Date(val);
                    }
                    Boolean isSecure = new Boolean(token.nextToken());

                    Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value, domain, path, expiry, isSecure);
                    driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

JavaScript执行

7.1 基本JavaScript执行

import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;

public class JavaScriptOperations {
    public static void executeJavaScript(WebDriver driver) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

        // 执行简单的JavaScript
        js.executeScript("alert('Hello from Selenium!');");

        // 滚动页面
        js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);");

        // 滚动到指定位置
        js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, 500);");

        // 获取页面高度
        Long pageHeight = (Long) js.executeScript("return document.body.scrollHeight;");
        System.out.println("页面高度: " + pageHeight);

        // 获取页面标题
        String title = (String) js.executeScript("return document.title;");
        System.out.println("页面标题: " + title);

        // 修改页面元素
        js.executeScript("document.getElementById('someId').style.backgroundColor = 'red';");

        // 点击元素（当普通click()不工作时）
        WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("someButton"));
        js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);
    }
}

7.2 高级JavaScript操作

public class AdvancedJavaScript {
    /**
     * 高亮显示元素
     */
    public static void highlightElement(WebDriver driver, WebElement element) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        js.executeScript("arguments[0].style.border='3px solid red'", element);
    }

    /**
     * 移除元素高亮
     */
    public static void removeHighlight(WebDriver driver, WebElement element) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        js.executeScript("arguments[0].style.border=''", element);
    }

    /**
     * 平滑滚动到元素
     */
    public static void smoothScrollToElement(WebDriver driver, WebElement element) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView({behavior: 'smooth'});", element);
    }

    /**
     * 获取元素的所有属性
     */
    public static void getElementAttributes(WebDriver driver, WebElement element) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        String script = "var items = {}; " +
                       "for (index = 0; index < arguments[0].attributes.length; ++index) { " +
                       "items[arguments[0].attributes[index].name] = arguments[0].attributes[index].value }; " +
                       "return items;";

        Map<String, String> attributes = (Map<String, String>) js.executeScript(script, element);
        for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : attributes.entrySet()) {
            System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " = " + entry.getValue());
        }
    }
}

截图操作

8.1 基本截图

import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ScreenshotOperations {
    /**
     * 截取整个页面
     */
    public static void takeScreenshot(WebDriver driver, String fileName) {
        try {
            TakesScreenshot screenshot = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
            File sourceFile = screenshot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
            File destFile = new File(fileName);
            FileUtils.copyFile(sourceFile, destFile);
            System.out.println("截图已保存: " + fileName);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 带时间戳的截图
     */
    public static void takeTimestampedScreenshot(WebDriver driver, String directory) {
        SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd_HH-mm-ss");
        String timestamp = dateFormat.format(new Date());
        String fileName = directory + "/screenshot_" + timestamp + ".png";
        takeScreenshot(driver, fileName);
    }

    /**
     * 截取特定元素
     */
    public static void takeElementScreenshot(WebElement element, String fileName) {
        try {
            File sourceFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
            File destFile = new File(fileName);
            FileUtils.copyFile(sourceFile, destFile);
            System.out.println("元素截图已保存: " + fileName);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

8.2 截图工具类

public class ScreenshotUtils {
    private static final String SCREENSHOT_DIR = "screenshots/";

    static {
        // 创建截图目录
        new File(SCREENSHOT_DIR).mkdirs();
    }

    /**
     * 失败时自动截图
     */
    public static void captureFailureScreenshot(WebDriver driver, String testName) {
        String fileName = SCREENSHOT_DIR + "FAILED_" + testName + "_" + 
                         System.currentTimeMillis() + ".png";
        takeScreenshot(driver, fileName);
    }

    /**
     * 比较截图（需要额外的图像比较库）
     */
    public static boolean compareScreenshots(String expectedImage, String actualImage) {
        // 这里需要使用图像比较库，如AShot或ImageIO
        // 简化示例
        return true;
    }
}

文件上传下载

9.1 文件上传

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

public class FileOperations {
    /**
     * 简单文件上传
     */
    public static void uploadFile(WebDriver driver, String filePath) {
        // 找到文件上传元素（input type="file"）
        WebElement fileInput = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='file']"));

        // 直接发送文件路径
        fileInput.sendKeys(filePath);
    }

    /**
     * 处理多文件上传
     */
    public static void uploadMultipleFiles(WebDriver driver, String... filePaths) {
        WebElement fileInput = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='file']"));

        // 多个文件路径用换行符分隔
        String allFiles = String.join("n", filePaths);
        fileInput.sendKeys(allFiles);
    }

    /**
     * 使用Robot类处理复杂的文件选择对话框
     */
    public static void uploadFileWithRobot(String filePath) {
        try {
            // 将文件路径复制到剪贴板
            StringSelection stringSelection = new StringSelection(filePath);
            Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().setContents(stringSelection, null);

            Robot robot = new Robot();

            // 粘贴文件路径
            robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);
            robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_V);
            robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_V);
            robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);

            Thread.sleep(1000);

            // 按回车确认
            robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
            robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);

        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

9.2 文件下载配置

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class DownloadConfiguration {
    /**
     * 配置Chrome下载设置
     */
    public static WebDriver createDownloadConfiguredDriver(String downloadPath) {
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("profile.default_content_settings.popups", 0);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadPath);
        prefs.put("download.prompt_for_download", false);
        prefs.put("download.directory_upgrade", true);
        prefs.put("safebrowsing.enabled", true);

        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        return new ChromeDriver(options);
    }

    /**
     * 等待文件下载完成
     */
    public static boolean waitForDownload(String downloadPath, String fileName, int timeoutSeconds) {
        File file = new File(downloadPath + "/" + fileName);
        int waited = 0;

        while (waited < timeoutSeconds) {
            if (file.exists() && !isFileBeingDownloaded(downloadPath, fileName)) {
                return true;
            }
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                waited++;
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private static boolean isFileBeingDownloaded(String downloadPath, String fileName) {
        // 检查是否存在临时下载文件（.crdownload, .tmp等）
        File tempFile = new File(downloadPath + "/" + fileName + ".crdownload");
        return tempFile.exists();
    }
}

实际应用示例

10.1 完整的浏览器操作示例

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import java.time.Duration;

public class ComprehensiveBrowserExample {
    private WebDriver driver;
    private WebDriverWait wait;

    public void setUp() {
        // 配置Chrome选项
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--start-maximized");
        options.addArguments("--disable-notifications");

        driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

        // 设置隐式等待
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    }

    public void demonstrateBrowserOperations() {
        try {
            // 1. 打开网页
            driver.get("https://www.baidu.com");
            System.out.println("当前页面标题: " + driver.getTitle());

            // 2. 窗口操作
            driver.manage().window().maximize();
            System.out.println("窗口已最大化");

            // 3. 获取页面信息
            String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
            System.out.println("当前URL: " + currentUrl);

            // 4. JavaScript操作
            JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
            Long pageHeight = (Long) js.executeScript("return document.body.scrollHeight");
            System.out.println("页面高度: " + pageHeight + "px");

            // 5. 滚动操作
            js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight/2)");
            Thread.sleep(2000);

            // 6. 截图
            ScreenshotOperations.takeTimestampedScreenshot(driver, "screenshots");

            // 7. Cookie操作
            driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("testCookie", "seleniumTest"));
            System.out.println("Cookie已添加");

            // 8. 导航操作
            driver.navigate().to("https://www.google.com");
            Thread.sleep(2000);

            driver.navigate().back();
            System.out.println("已返回上一页: " + driver.getTitle());

            // 9. 多窗口操作演示
            String originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

            // 打开新标签页
            js.executeScript("window.open('https://www.bing.com', '_blank');");

            // 切换到新窗口
            for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
                if (!windowHandle.equals(originalWindow)) {
                    driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
                    break;
                }
            }

            System.out.println("新窗口标题: " + driver.getTitle());

            // 关闭新窗口并切换回原窗口
            driver.close();
            driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);

        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            // 失败时截图
            ScreenshotUtils.captureFailureScreenshot(driver, "browser_operations_failed");
        }
    }

    public void tearDown() {
        if (driver != null) {
            driver.quit();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ComprehensiveBrowserExample example = new ComprehensiveBrowserExample();
        example.setUp();
        example.demonstrateBrowserOperations();
        example.tearDown();
    }
}

10.2 浏览器工具类

public class BrowserUtils {
    /**
     * 等待页面完全加载
     */
    public static void waitForPageLoad(WebDriver driver) {
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait.until(webDriver -> ((JavascriptExecutor) webDriver)
                .executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete"));
    }

    /**
     * 检查元素是否在视口中
     */
    public static boolean isElementInViewport(WebDriver driver, WebElement element) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        return (Boolean) js.executeScript(
            "var rect = arguments[0].getBoundingClientRect();" +
            "return (rect.top >= 0 && rect.left >= 0 && " +
            "rect.bottom <= window.innerHeight && rect.right <= window.innerWidth);", 
            element);
    }

    /**
     * 获取浏览器控制台日志
     */
    public static void printConsoleLogs(WebDriver driver) {
        LogEntries logs = driver.manage().logs().get(LogType.BROWSER);
        for (LogEntry entry : logs) {
            System.out.println(entry.getLevel() + " " + entry.getMessage());
        }
    }

    /**
     * 清除浏览器缓存
     */
    public static void clearBrowserCache(WebDriver driver) {
        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

        // 清除localStorage和sessionStorage
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
        js.executeScript("window.localStorage.clear();");
        js.executeScript("window.sessionStorage.clear();");
    }
}

最佳实践和注意事项

新手常见问题及解决方案

  1. 浏览器驱动问题

    // 使用WebDriverManager自动管理驱动
// 添加依赖: io.github.bonigarcia:webdrivermanager
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

  2. 等待时间设置

    // 推荐使用显式等待而不是Thread.sleep()
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("期望的标题"));

  3. 异常处理

    try {
   // 浏览器操作
   driver.get("https://example.com");
} catch (TimeoutException e) {
   System.out.println("页面加载超时");
} catch (NoSuchWindowException e) {
   System.out.println("窗口不存在");
} finally {
   // 确保浏览器关闭
   if (driver != null) {
       driver.quit();
   }
}

  4. 资源清理

    // 使用try-with-resources（需要实现AutoCloseable）
public class WebDriverWrapper implements AutoCloseable {
   private WebDriver driver;

   public WebDriverWrapper() {
       this.driver = new ChromeDriver();
   }

   @Override
   public void close() {
       if (driver != null) {
           driver.quit();
       }
   }
}

性能优化建议

  1. 禁用不必要的功能

    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--disable-images");
options.addArguments("--disable-javascript");  // 谨慎使用
options.addArguments("--disable-css");

  2. 使用无头模式

    options.addArguments("--headless");

  3. 合理设置超时时间

    driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));

总结

本教程涵盖了Java+Selenium中的主要浏览器操作：

  1. 基础操作: 启动、关闭、导航
  2. 窗口管理: 大小、位置、多窗口切换
  3. 信息获取: 标题、URL、页面源码
  4. 高级功能: JavaScript执行、截图、文件操作
  5. 配置优化: 浏览器选项、性能调优
  6. 实用工具: Cookie管理、等待机制

新手学习建议：

  • 从基础操作开始，逐步掌握高级功能
  • 多练习多窗口操作和JavaScript执行
  • 重视异常处理和资源清理
  • 学会使用等待机制而不是固定延时
  • 实际项目中要考虑性能优化

通过掌握这些浏览器操作，您就能够构建稳定可靠的自动化测试脚本了！

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